The regionalised climatic scenarios defined by the General Department of Environmental Evaluation return increases in average temperatures of between 2.0 and 3.4°C in the Autonomous Community of Madrid by the year 2050 in comparison with the period between 1961 and 1990. The figures for precipitation are not conclusive and the results drawn from the model show positive variations (increases of between 50 and 100 mm per year) and negative variations (reduction of up to 200 mm in the annual average precipitation level) depending on the area in the region.

Studies on the possible impact of these changes on the sectors that will probably be affected include water resources, tourism and forestry. The corresponding adaptation measures are being drawn up for said sectors in the new Strategy for Air Quality and Climate Change of the Autonomous Community of Madrid 2013-2020. This document will stand as the framework for various actions designed to reduce and adapt to climate change in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, in coordination with measures aimed at improving air quality.

Located on middle latitudes, Galicia is in a circulation area dominated by winds from the West and it is the first point of arrival of inclement weather from the Atlantic in Spain. The autonomous community of Galicia is also influenced by masses of air with very different thermodynamic characteristics. As a result, Galicia receives masses of hot, humid air (maritime tropical weather) and masses of air which originate in higher latitudes and are generally cold, albeit with different levels of humidity. Consequently, the conclusions drawn from studies on climatic variations for northern Europe or the Mediterranean do not apply directly to this community and specific studies have to be carried out for the region.

As a result, Xunta de Galicia coordinated a research project titled Analysis of Evidence and Impacts of Climate change in Galicia (Spanish acronym: CLIGAL) and the conclusions were published in the book titled Evidence and Impacts of Climate change in Galicia.

The main evidence left behind by this phenomenon in Galicia refers to increases in temperature of 0.18°C per decade (period 1961-2006), changes to the annual precipitation spread, variations to bird migration habits, phenologic changes to plant life, increases in sea surface temperatures of 0.2°C per decade, variations to outcrops with effects on estuary renewal times, which double, changes in phytoplankton and an increase in warm water species, together with rising sea levels of between 2.0 and 2.5 cm per decade.

Xunta de Galicia has also developed actions to observe and investigate the climate (for which it maintains various observation networks that focus on Galician ecosystems) and takes part in European projects designed to identify vulnerabilities and adapt to the anticipated effect of climate change. It draws up reports to help with decision-taking processes in the area of adaptation in Galicia.

Its commitment is strengthened by the Galician Climate Change and Energy Strategy 2050, which is the planning instrument in the fight against climate change and energy transition for the 2050 time horizon.

The Strategy, which is eminently participative, has counted on the active collaboration of all key agents, addressing the problem of climate change by sector of activity.

Within the field of adaptation, the Strategy has three major objectives comprising a total of 13 lines of action, determined after having carried out a sectoral diagnosis. These are:

• Objective 3: Develop and maintain observation networks and climate models adapted to Galicia. Focused on providing Xunta with the necessary tools to address the challenge of adaptation. To this end, on the one hand, the networks for monitoring the effects of climate change will be strengthened and, on the other, models will be developed to better anticipate the impacts of climate change on the territory of Galicia.
• Objective 4: Increase resilience to climate change. It consists of increasing the resilience to climate change of cross-cutting sectors and activities. It includes lines aimed at promoting a more resilient and adaptive territorial structure, as well as specific lines oriented towards natural resources, population and water.
• Objective 5: Increase resilience to climate change. involves the implementation of adaptive management in relevant sectors. This includes lines specifically oriented to the fishing, agriculture, livestock, tourism, transportation, energy and forestry sectors.

Climate change is an evident reality and has global effects. As a continental geographical location, Extremadura will be affected and climate changes will be greater. Accordingly, the Autonomous Community of Extremadura drafted and passed the Strategy for Climate Change of Extremadura 2009-2012, which was followed by the creation of climate change Observatory of Extremadura as the body responsible for overseeing and fostering active policies in the fight against climate change. Said body is currently developing the new Strategy for Climate Change of Extremadura 2013-2020, which will continue the previous framework document.

The work carried out by climate change Observatory includes studying anticipated climate effects and developing the corresponding adaptation measures. In response to the need for discovering the magnitude of the changes to the main climate variables, the Regionalised Climate Change Scenarios of Extremadura were developed for the periods 2011-2040 and 2041-2070 under scenarios A2 and B2. By way of conclusion, the main changes to climate variables that have been anticipated are as follows: Increase in temperatures: annual average, maximum and minimum, increase of extreme phenomena (especially heatwaves), reduction of annual precipitation levels and changes to annual precipitation patterns.

After defining the anticipated climate changes, the corresponding Climate Change Impacts Map and Adaptation Plans were drawn up for the following sectors: agriculture, cattle farming, natural risks and insurance, water resources, health, energy and tourism; the corresponding documents for the biodiversity and forestry sectors are in progress.

Comunitat Valenciana is located in a territory that is highly vulnerable to climate change, with evidence such as rising temperatures, reduced rainfall, aridification of the territory, rising sea levels, the appearance of new invasive species and diseases, and an increase in the intensity of extreme events, such as heat waves.

In order to promote coordinated action against climate change, Generalitat Valenciana, through the Climate Change Policy Coordination Commission of the Valencian Community, has already approved two climate change action strategies (2008-2012 and 2013-2020). Currently, the "Valencian Climate Change and Energy Strategy. Horizon 2030" which integrates the energy part of the document.

This Strategy includes adaptation measures, both horizontal and sectoral (health, agriculture, forestry and biodiversity, water resources, coastal areas and landscape), defining specific development actions and indicators to check their validity and effectiveness.

 At the same time, the Council of Generalitat Valenciana, aware of the serious impact that climate change causes and will cause on the planet and on the Valencian territory, approved on September 6, 2019 the Institutional Declaration of Climate Emergency, where it assumed as its own the responsibility to address the ecological crisis and the enormous change needed from its competences, leading the action in the Valencian territory.

On the other hand, within the commitments made by the Council, and within the framework of climate action of the European Union and the Spanish State, the Directorate General of Climate Change has prepared the draft bill of the Valencian Law on Climate Change and Ecological Transition, which on April 1, 2022, was approved by the Plenary of the Council, becoming a Bill. This new regulatory instrument will allow us to achieve neutrality in 2050 and work on a Valencian society and territory resilient to the impacts of climate change. At the same time, we are working on the future Integral Valencian Energy and Climate Change Plan, which is currently being drafted and which will develop the necessary measures for the fulfilment of the objectives contemplated in the Law. 

The Strategy, the Declaration of Climate Emergency and the future Valencian Law on Climate Change and Ecological Transition will be key to promote the fight against climate change and adaptation to its effects.

The regionalisation of climate scenarios by the Meteorological Service of Catalonia focused up to the year 2050 reveals a clear increase in average annual temperatures (up to 1.8°C), an increase in the number of tropical nights, reduction of days with frost, an increase in the year-on-year variability of precipitation levels and the maximum length of droughts (with periods of more than 100 days).

The Catalan Strategy for Adaptation to climate change 2013-2020 (Spanish acronym: ESCACC) drawn up by the Catalan Climate Change Office and passed by Generalitat de Catalunya in November 2012, analyses the 32 impacts that have been observed and the 31 that are anticipated on 11 natural systems and socio-economic sectors. It also proposes 182 adaptation measures.

In terms of the environment and as a resource, water is the element most vulnerable to impact. On a territorial scale, the Pyrenees (owing to the increase in temperature and the reduction of precipitation) and the coastal area, especially the Ebro Delta (due to rising sea levels and the lack of sediments and environmental flows) are the most vulnerable areas.

Andalusia is very vulnerable to climate change owing to its geographical location and climate. The future outlook is that the changes observed to date will worsen over the coming decades.

The analysis of regional climatic scenarios generated by the Regional Department of Agriculture, Fishing and the Environment of Junta de Andalucía, the Regional Government, shows that there will be greater increases in average maximum temperatures than in average minimum ones. In 2050, the average increase is expected to reach 1.7°C in average minimum temperatures and 2.2°C in average maximum temperatures. The areas in north-east Andalusia will be subject to the most significant temperature increases. As far as precipitations are concerned, there will be a gradual fall in levels as from halfway through the 21st century. This will affect all Andalusia (average fall of 7% in respect of the current climate) and will be particularly severe in the Valley of the Guadalquivir and the Andalusian Atlantic Basin.

For some time now, the Andalusian government has been aware of the importance of climate change for its territory and, as a result, took the initiative early by passing the Andalusian Climate Change Strategy in September 2002.

The policy for adaptation to climate change is provided in the Andalusian Programme for Adaptation to climate change, passed by Resolution of the Cabinet of the Government of Junta de Andalucía on 3 August 2010. The aim is to minimise the vulnerability of Andalusia regarding the negative effects of climate change by integrating the adaptation into the planning of the policies implemented by Junta de Andalucía.

As might be expected, water resources, energy and use of the territory will play a leading role. This is acknowledged in the Adaptation Programme, which pays particular attention to critical socio-economic sectors, such as farming, tourism and health, and highlights the importance of protecting and improving Andalusia's forests. Another basic pillar for action is the generation of scientific knowledge and its application, taking advantage of the functionality of protected spaces as natural laboratories for evaluating and monitoring actions for adaptation to climate change in Andalusia.