Climate change is causing significant changes in the composition, structure and functioning of Spanish ecosystems.

For example, in marine ecosystems, water acidification, caused by the increase in CO2 concentration, hinders the calcification process carried out by numerous invertebrates.

In inland aquatic ecosystems, changes in water temperature have been observed that produce modifications in the composition of communities and in their productivity.

In terrestrial ecosystems, changes have been observed in the calendars of foliation, fruiting or leaf fall in plants, or changes in the reproductive calendar, migrations and distribution of numerous animal species, which tend to move to higher latitudes or higher altitudes.