Spain is interconnected in many ways with the rest of the world. The effects of climate change beyond our borders become impacts in our country through various channels, such as trade, financial and human flows and also due to geopolitical changes.
The following resources present a global approach to adaptation and incorporate the cross-border dimension in climate change adaptation initiatives.
The Global Transboundary Climate Risk Report
The Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations & Adaptation Without Borders, April 2023
Climate change, trade, and global food security
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI report), September 2021
Climate-resilient trade and production. The transboundary effects of climate change and their implications for EU member states
Adaptation without Borders Policy Brief, August 2020
International Trade consequences of climate change
OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers, 2017/01
Implications for the EU of cross-border climate change impacts
IMPRESSIONS: Impacts and Risks from High-end Scenarios: Strategies for Innovative Solutions, 2017
Transboundary effects on Europe due to climate change impacts in the rest of the world
JRC PESETA III Project
Introducing the Transnational Climate Impacts Index: Indicators of country-level exposure – methodology report
Stockholm Environment Institute, Working Paper 2016-07
